I want to identify three forces that I find interesting and perhaps related: 1) American society is guided by the self-regulating market and a culture of individualism; 2) We are the most Christian and religiously devout nation in the west; and 3) Americans, both men and women, have gotten steadily less happy over the past 100 years despite living in one of the most opulent nations in modern history.
I recently picked up the Conquest of Happiness by Bertrand Russell in which he writes:
I was not born happy. As a child, my favorite hymn was: “Weary of earth and laden with my sin.” In adolescence, I hated life and was continually on the verge of suicide, however, I was restrained by the desire to know more mathematics. Now, on the contrary, I enjoy life; I might almost say that with every year that passes I enjoy it more.
This is due in large part to a diminishing preoccupation with myself. Like others who had a Puritan education, I had the habit of meditating on my sins, follies, and shortcomings. I seemed to myself – no doubt justly – a miserable specimen. Gradually I learned to be indifferent to myself and my deficiencies; I came to center my attention increasingly upon external objects: the state of the world, various branches of knowledge, individuals for whom I felt affection. External interests, it is true, bring each its own possibility of pain: the world may be plunged in war, knowledge in some direction may be hard to achieve, friends may die. But pains of these kinds do not destroy the essential quality of life, as do those that spring from disgust with self.
This speaks strongly to both my life experience and frustration with the church, but also hints at a potentially inherent antagonism between capitalism and Christianity.
The primary religion of our culture emphasizes the depravity of the human nature. The institution that has largely guided American social transformation for the past two-hundred years, market capitalism, is centered in the primacy of self-interest. With our economics leading us to focus on ourselves, and our religion on how fallen and broken we are, is it surprising that we aren’t getting any happier?
Despite my frustrations, I am a Christian and believer in the usefulness of markets – seeking an alternative way to understand faith and society through a lens of human flourishing, not depravity and selfishness.
Apr. 13, 2009 at 5:25 pm
Dave
Interesting analysis… I would imagine Weber would suggest this need to work out ones salvation was at the heart of this protestant work ethic… though its been a while since I have read his analysis.
I wonder a bit what you think about the involvement of protestants in the free market with its focus on self-interest, given their understanding of depravity. Do people tend to interpret the market as a necessary evil… something that corrects for this depravity in the aggregate… something that potentially inflates one’s depraved tendencies?
Having gone through a highly calvinistic education at Calvin College… it seems that there are several reactions. I think some see the market as inherently evil, and thus avoid it. Others see the market as evil at the large scale, and circumvent it by going into small business rather than corporate. Still others I think take a mentality of using the market to make a lot of money, and then attempt to build in an alternative sense of purpose.
At the heart of each of these approaches though is an uncomfortableness with extravagence… feeling like making money is inherently wrong… and thus an attempt to find ways to alleviate this pain (by avoiding the market, partly engaging, or giving away at the end… in quasi sacrificial form).
Any thoughts on this dynamic?
Apr. 14, 2009 at 9:27 am
Peter,
Really interesting…. I don’t think the market is inherently evil but, left to its own devices, would destroy the planet and quality of life for the majority world.
I don’t think the answer is, as Wendell Berry would argue, to retreat from modern economy. We should not participate in the disintegration of our culture by escaping from it – we must learn how to engage it in a more ethical way.
I like that you point out a discomfort with extravagance in protestant interactions with capitalism; I have this same discomfort. So whether to partly engage, escape, or by making loads of money for the common good is the right choice, I don’t know.
What I do know is that the market always has a double movement (Karl Polanyi), that is, growing and being restrained/ corrected for (environment, inequity, etc). Knowing that money doesn’t motivate me, I think I understand what side of the double movement I will fall on.
This is how I make sense of my life with the market: Accepting it as a powerful force for greater prosperity in the world but taking stronger steps toward restraining it, subjecting it to our social and democratic values. I want to be on the side of guiding the market, not blindly expanding it.
Does that make sense? Sorry for blabbering-
Apr. 16, 2009 at 1:48 pm
Dave
thanks … that is helpful. I want to try to flesh out some of my thoughts on this soon… just need to sit down and think through it. Thanks for the engagement on it though. Will try to post on it soon.
pb